Justice-involved individuals have a high prevalence of mental health, substance use, and chronic health conditions. Connecting those individuals to health services during reentry could help improve their health and lower their risk of recidivism. This Urban Institute brief highlights how New York and Rhode Island have used Medicaid Health Homes to ensure that returning citizens have access to health care as they transition back into the community. Lessons learned from both states include the need for pre-release discharge planning so participants are immediately connected to health services upon release, and the value of having a liaison bridge the gap between the justice and health systems. Both states also needed creativity and commitment at the state level to fund the health home model, as well as formal structures for communication and collaboration across systems.

This MDRC brief is part of a series that documents the implementation of the Change Capital Fund, an economic mobility initiative in New York City. The Change Capital Fund was a consortium of donors who invested in local community development corporations that were pursuing antipoverty strategies that integrated housing, education, and employment services. In this brief, the authors focus on how the Change Capital fund used program data as a tool for continuous learning and improvement, including the specific assistance that grantees received to build their capacity to use data for performance management.

Senate Resolution 2013-62 (Appendix A) directed the Legislative Budget and Finance Committee to consider the effect of major federal and state programs in assisting low-income families to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce the number of families living in poverty. In particular, the Committee was asked to determine if and how such programs mitigate the “cliff effect.” “Cliff effects” occur when program benefits are not phased out on a sliding scale basis, or increased earnings are not sufficient to cover the full cost of the lost benefit. With one exception, the Committee focused on programs available to all that apply and meet eligibility requirements: TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families), SNAP/Food Stamps (Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program), several federal tax credits, and Pennsylvania’s Special Tax Forgiveness Program. The one exception, the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), is a discretionary federal program offering child care subsidies for low- income families, with the number of eligible individuals served limited by available funding.

This report from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities provides evidence to dispute the idea that low-income assistance programs discourage work. Critics of assistance programs argue that people receiving assistance get more money from not working and receiving government benefits than they would from working. The authors found that working is almost always more financially beneficial than not working. Workers in poverty have a greater incentive to work more hours or at higher wages than other workers, since their marginal tax rate is lower. Even workers just above the poverty line still gain substantially from working additional hours. Work pays because social safety net programs have changed over the past two decades to reduce benefits for people who are not working, while increasing tax credits for people who are working.

It has been 20 years since the U.S. Congress passed welfare reform, and throughout these two decades, Maryland has provided cash assistance to families whose incomes do not meet their basic needs. In this way, the Temporary Cash Assistance program (TCA, Maryland’s welfare program) provides a valuable service to vulnerable families. For most families, however, this is a short-term solution to the challenges of living in poverty. The annual report series, Life after Welfare, examines outcomes of families who left cash assistance. The series focuses on families’ characteristics, employment and earnings outcomes, and the receipt of other public benefits. The 2016 update includes a sample of 11,737 families who left the TCA program between January 2004 and March 2016. Trends were examined over time by separating these families’ case closures into three cohorts: (1) Mid-2000s Recovery—a declining caseload between January 2004 and March 2007; (2) Great Recession Era—an increasing caseload between April 2007 and December 2011; and (3) Great Recession Recovery—a declining caseload between January 2012 and March 2016.

The goal of workforce development efforts serving individuals in poverty is to provide them with the skills and credentials they need to increase their earnings in the labor market and advance to self-sufficiency. It is important for workforce stakeholders to understand that low-income families’ household income is often partly comprised of public benefits (such as supports for housing, child care, and health care) that phase out as increases in earnings are made through higher wages and/or more hours on the job. Rapid phaseouts of benefits – what are known as “benefits cliffs” – can have the effect of canceling out large portions of a family’s earnings gains, or even make a family substantially worse off from a self-sufficiency standpoint that prior to its earnings gains. This latest research by the Seattle Jobs Initiative examines the impact of benefits cliffs on low-income Washington families. The goal is to support workforce and social service providers in their efforts to better help these families to navigate the potential loss of benefits as they assist them to make earnings gains.

This Urban Institute blog post summarizes recent studies that show that students attending two-year colleges are more likely to be food insecure than other adults, especially during recessions. In 2008, 21.8% of households with two-year college students experienced food insecurity, compared to 14.6% of all households. The authors cannot identify specific reasons why two-year college students experience food insecurity at higher rates, but possibilities include reduced family support, the loss of a part-time job, or increased tuition. Most college students are not eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, so the authors recommend that states consider expanding eligibility for SNAP to more college students enrolled in educational programs.

The National Governors Association released this brief to help governors and state policymakers incorporate data and evaluation into policy development, implementation, and monitoring, using the example of prescription opioid misuse. There are five steps to using data and evaluation in policy: creating a logic model, identifying data sources, collecting the data, analyzing the data, and making data analysis an ongoing part of the policy process. The authors break down each of the five steps in detail and provide examples from the perspective of a state attempting to reduce prescription opioid misuse.

The U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness released criteria and benchmarks for achieving the goal of ending family homelessness. The criteria apply to an entire community and are designed to address families with children under the age of 18 who are experiencing homelessness. Those criteria include identifying all families experiencing homelessness, using prevention and diversion strategies whenever possible, using coordinated entry processes, helping families swiftly move into permanent housing, and having plans in place to continue to prevent and end family homelessness. The benchmarks provide indicators that communities can use to measure their progress in ending family homelessness.

For people with opioid use disorder, a buprenorphine prescription can improve outcomes related to staying in drug treatment, involvement in the justice system, and mortality. This Urban Institute Report analyzes how the Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act affected access to buprenorphine among low-income individuals. For the 32 states that expanded Medicaid, the number of buprenorphine prescriptions per enrollee increased 70%. However, this increase may still not meet the demand for buprenorphine due to persistent capacity shortages. The report also includes state-by-state data on total Medicaid spending on buprenorphine.